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Questions for the Historians


Hethwill

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My impression comes down largely to cost.  Frigates are cheaper to build, and can be built in a larger variety of cities, whereas ships of the line are more expensive and need more advanced shipyards to construct.  If you have 10 frigates and 5 ships of the line, odds are you're going to keep the ships of the line as a home defense fleet and use frigates as scouting vessels which can look into more nooks and crannies anyways.  (My own impressions only.)

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 Frigates being faster and more maneuverable than SOL's were more suited to protecting trade routes and fleet escort/scouts.

 

"Following these are the frigates, a widely used and often misunderstood term. Officially, since the 1750’s, it meant any ship of 28 to 48 guns but, in practice, it could refer to a ship with as few as 20 guns. These were the pursuit ships, tasked with hunting down enemy convoys, merchant fleets, and lone warships."

" Below frigates were post ships, of 20-26 guns, essentially small frigates. These were not intended for fleet actions, or even single ship actions, but protected shipping lanes. "

 

https://www.warhistoryonline.com/napoleon/many-types-ships-napoleonic-wars-m.html

Edited by Dibbler
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2 hours ago, Hethwill said:

A new question (kind of related also with the game reality ).

 

- Why did powerful naval nations deploy long range chase frigates to cover the seas instead of more ships of the line ? What aspects made one the obvious choice over the other ? What made a frigate more suitable for that task ?

It is also is a bit depended, besides the frigates u also had armed traders in the Voc and Wic u had tradingships up to 68 guns which are use to be used together with the frigates. And like Powderhorn says they are also relatively cost efficient and if people needs to be trained not necessarily, but they can be of good use trainingvessels although combatgroups tend to fleet training (manouvering and shootingpractise whilst at sea when nothing is going on to get the general skill up. 

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5 hours ago, Hethwill said:

They are already built. Why send the frigates ?

20 SoLs are a battlefleet. A battlefleet makes you a naval power and lets you defend your coast. Without a battlefleet you are naked. 20 lone SoLs can't fight a war.

20 frigates are just a gaggle of light warships, and the battlefleet can operate without them. So you send them out individually. 20 lone frigates can fight a guerre de course.

 

 

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2 minutes ago, Hethwill said:

Gotcha.

Why not send individual SOLs ?

Because you dilute the strength of your battlefleet. And disregarding all consideration of cost, value and maintenance, a 74 is still slower in most weather, especially close-hauled where most chases are decided.

Plus it's just overkill. An East Indiaman worth millions will likely still surrender to a frigate. Two frigates can attack a convoy better than a single 74.

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Originally it was about raiding trade routes not defending them, and for obvious practical reasons they stayed more efficient as such.

Also one part that is usually overlooked it that they are independent whereas a ship of the line is not.

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Cannons had no aim as for as I know, so (apart from the personal experience of gunners) how they aim to a specific target? Was there some mechanical or whatever help? Any metallic graduate bars maybe? Or simply they used deck line fire as they were line soldier, hoping that "send" 20-30 gun balls, some of them will hit something? More: a ship is definitely not steady in high seas, was there some "trick" to solve the issue for aiming? (whining to Devs was not an option, I suppose) :D

I have another question, but I keep it for next time :)

 

Edited by blubasso
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13 minutes ago, blubasso said:

Cannons had no aim as for as I know, so (apart from the personal experience of gunners) how they aim to a specific target? Was there some mechanical or whatever help? Any metallic graduate bars maybe? Or simply they used deck line fire as they were line soldier, hoping that "send" 20-30 gun balls, some of them will hit something? More: a ship is definitely not steady in high seas, was there some "trick" to solve the issue? (whining to Devs was not an option, I suppose) :D

There weren't really any aiming help, they didn't quiete use deck line fire neither, everybody reloaded and shot as fast as he could usually. Aiming was more a question of xp, like if you would kick a football or play pétanque , no aiming help, but do it a few times and you are good enough. Remember that combat was usually pretty close rather than at maximum distances. So yeah reload speed. Especially since after each shot the recoil didn't leave you much time to re-aim. And most cannons weren't that easy to move anyway even if you were to aim. As to steadiness, playing with the ship speed and direction.

Edited by Captain Jean-Luc Picard
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17 minutes ago, Captain Jean-Luc Picard said:

There weren't really any aiming help, they didn't quiete use deck line fire neither, everybody reloaded and shot as fast as he could usually. Aiming was more a question of xp, like if you would kick a football or play pétanque , no aiming help, but do it a few times and you are good enough. Remember that combat was usually pretty close rather than at maximum distances. So yeah reload speed. Especially since after each shot the recoil didn't leave you much time to re-aim. And most cannons weren't that easy to move anyway even if you were to aim. As to steadiness, playing with the ship speed and direction.

A good explanation, I would add that the Royal Navy tended to train much more than other Navies, the principle was to put a heavier weight of shot in the air than their enemies and hope for a higher hit and damage rate, particularly when it came down to reducing crew numbers, it was faster reloading that achieved that aim. Combat ranges could be as close as Pistol range, and the carnage on and below decks was horrific to say the least.  Hit first, hit hard, and keep on hitting was pretty much the gunner's mantra and if they could keep more balls in flight than the enemy then the chances of scoring more hits than the enemy was achievable, the principle was proved to be folly less then a century after the Napoleonic era ended. 

   

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16 hours ago, Hethwill said:

Gotcha.

Why not send individual SOLs ?

In addition to the answers already given, also consider the number of crew on an SOL; it was difficult to provide sustenance for a crew that large without frequent re-supplies. Hence the SOL was rather short-ranged, for lackk of a better term.

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Thank you for the answers to my cannons question. Now another question: was in the sailing age well known the concept of "Task Force"? I mean a "standard" fleet which within there were certain ships with own role (protecting big ones, tanks, flanking ships...). Of course I know, a fleet was assembled for a certain purpose, depending of purposes in mission, but I wonder if there was some standardized places within the fleet.

Edited by blubasso
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2 hours ago, blubasso said:

Thank you for the answers to my cannons question. Now another question: was in the sailing age well known the concept of "Task Force"? I mean a "standard" fleet which within there were certain ships with own role (protecting big ones, tanks, flanking ships...). Of course I know, a fleet was assembled for a certain purpose, depending of purposes in mission, but I wonder if there was some standardized places within the fleet.

No really. In fleet battles there was only one tactical role: ship of the line. First and Second Rates were larger, but just placed in important places in the line.

Big ships didn't need protection (the formation was the protection), and flanking wasn't really a thing. Too weak as an individual maneuver, too complex to pull off with a group.

Frigates repeated signals, towed disabled ships out of combat, etc.

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12 hours ago, blubasso said:

Cannons had no aim as for as I know, so (apart from the personal experience of gunners) how they aim to a specific target? Was there some mechanical or whatever help? Any metallic graduate bars maybe? Or simply they used deck line fire as they were line soldier, hoping that "send" 20-30 gun balls, some of them will hit something? More: a ship is definitely not steady in high seas, was there some "trick" to solve the issue for aiming? (whining to Devs was not an option, I suppose) :D

I have another question, but I keep it for next time :)

 

 

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1 hour ago, Banished Privateer said:

Why ships use a spanker sail instead of a normal square sail?

  • The spanker can be bigger than the square sail that would replace it
  • Useful for close-hauled and beam reach sailing
  • Helps force the bow into the wind and control rotation
  • Can be used to hold position in a storm

But more importantly a square mizzen course would not be very useful. When sailing downwind, it would just blanket the main and fore courses, which are larger and more important. Upwind, the spanker is superior. Even the mainsail was often furled when sailing downwind, because it disrupted airflow to the fore course (which exerts a useful lifting effect on the bow).

1850s clipper ships started carrying mizzen courses, but would only use them when appropriate.

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1 hour ago, Banished Privateer said:

Could you explain/describe this, please? Sounds interesting. Maybe something more about sailing in the storm.

#1 storm tactic is sailing very slowly to windward under reduced sail. Either with a close-reefed main topsail or a small lower staysail made of thicker canvas. Reefing the mizzen sail (spanker) right down in another option, but not the best one for most ships.

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1 hour ago, Haratik said:

What was the difference between a squadron, a flotilla, and a fleet in the game's time period?

The difference is in that are the amount of ships used, the type of in that group and sometimes also the Flagship type,

Squadrons are primairly frigates and corvettes and other small ships. Although the English used squadrons to indicate a Combatgroup of a Mainly SoL group but it also slightly differs from the regions they were operating in

Flotilla's could be a combatgroup with a mix of frigates and SoL up to 2nd serving as a flagship

Fleet are groups of ships constitend of at least 20-25 ships with main SoL with a support group of frigates

the exact numbers of each type could vary between nations

Edited by pietjenoob
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In France we divide as follows:

A squadron is subdivided into three divisions bearing the color to which it is attached.

A detachment is attached to a division, the division is attached to a squadron, which is attached to a naval army.

So a group of ships and named according to the number of ships that compose it.

3 squadrons = a naval army
1 squadron = from 9 to 26 vessels
1 division = from 3 to 8
1 detachment = 2

The word "fleet" is used (always in France) for:

- a considerable number of merchant ships of the same nation
- if the fleet is escorted, it takes the name of convoy
- in the navy, the word "fleet" means all floating vessels, near to fight or can be near quickly.

We are talking about the "Mediterranean fleet", "fleet of the North", "fleet of the Pacific", etc.

Edited by Surcouf
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3 hours ago, Surcouf said:

 

well It would be nice to know what kind of( name) structure we use in naval action actually 

or just imaginary  : naval action structure 

 

Edited by Thonys
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On 2/12/2018 at 6:19 AM, Surcouf said:

In France we divide as follows:

A squadron is subdivided into three divisions bearing the color to which it is attached.

A detachment is attached to a division, the division is attached to a squadron, which is attached to a naval army.

So a group of ships and named according to the number of ships that compose it.

3 squadrons = a naval army
1 squadron = from 9 to 26 vessels
1 division = from 3 to 8
1 detachment = 2

The word "fleet" is used (always in France) for:

- a considerable number of merchant ships of the same nation
- if the fleet is escorted, it takes the name of convoy
- in the navy, the word "fleet" means all floating vessels, near to fight or can be near quickly.

We are talking about the "Mediterranean fleet", "fleet of the North", "fleet of the Pacific", etc.

Thanks for expanding on this Surcouf.  I've always had a general idea on what each was, but every nation has a different idea of what the composition is, and how much makes up each.

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Yes, it's just for France. In Germany, Spain, England, America, etc. it's different. The names and the number of vessels are not the same, but it gives a good idea of the differences.

I add that if a squadron or division is composed only of frigates, we speak of "light" squadron and "light" division. Same names if they are lower vessels than 74-gun ships.

There is also a color code (as in other nations). A naval army with three squadrons:

The 1st: white
2nd: white and blue
3rd: blue

It takes three divisions to make one squadron, each division has the same color as its squadron, but on different masts for the admirers.

Example:
The 1st squadron: white mark
- The 1st division: white mark on the mainmast
- The 2nd division: white mark on the foremast
- The 3rd division: white mark on the mizzen mast

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